When a Man Loves a Woman

Name: Date: August 1, 2006 Course/Level/Section: BSN IV- H1Adviser: Mrs. Theorose Bustillo Reaction Paper â€Å"The Notebook† At first, when the movie showed the past details of the characters, it was boring. You cannot appreciate the movie if you don’t reach the end part. It portrayed an old man whose love to her wife is measured till eternity. Love was a never ending journey. Loving her wife is part of his life. As long as his heart is still beating, love still survives. To his last breath, he still shared his love to her wife. The setting of the film was also an old and classical feature. It showed a typical place of people wearing dress and cars whose designs are present in our museums. The wife at that time was a student nurse and the husband was a soldier. Their love was destined to be apart from each other to have a wise decision at the future. Their relationship was separated due to the will of the girl’s parents. The reason of her parents was due to the financial status of the guy that has not reached to their standards. The girl belonged to a wealthy family, while the guy is form a simple life. They both decided to part ways with each other having an agreement that they still communicate with each other through letters. The guy joined the army while the girl continued her studies in nursing. Both of them hold on to their agreement. Unknowingly, the parents of the girl kept the letter of the guy leading to doubt and misconception of the girl that the guy probably found another one. So, the girl met someone who she fells in loved with. They were both engaged. They guy still have faith that their love is still alive. He still continued to fulfil the dreams that they both promised with the girl. He went home and constructed their dream house. When he first arrived at his home place, he looked for the girl. Unluckily, he found the girl kissing with another guy. Depressed as he looked and feel; he still managed to finish renovating their dream house. On the marriage day of the girl, she had a glimpsed of the news paper. She then saw a picture of a house for sale with the guy selling it. He felt shocked and collapsed after she saw the picture. Because of that incident, the wedding was postponed. She then asked for time and space to his future husband for settling things first. She went back to the guy that she first fell in love with. They met with each other. They have their first impressions. These impressions involved love and faith that it can still work put. Then came the dilemma. The girl was confused on who to choose. The guy whom she first shared her love that only her parents are the reason why they separated or the guy who helped her coped from her emotional problem then later developed loved. He picked the first guy. And at the end, she never had regrets. When they aged with their lives, the wife suffered from a chronic mental disorder whose clinical description is Alzheimer’s disease. This disease is characterize by a continuous loss of memory both the short and the long term memory. It progresses until the person dies. Good for the wife because she wrote her memories with his husband on a diary. The diary where composed of past moments that they have shared with each other when they where still young. With this diary, the husband continues to read it, hoping that he can help cure her wife from the disease. She reads the diary day by day having the same content. Sad to say, there is no treatment to this kind of disease. The wife cannot recognize that the person telling her the story was his husband. The wife also cannot recognize her children and grandchildren. There are some instances that the wife can recall the story being told by the old person which is his husband. She has flash-backs in her mind that the story being told was her story. The place where they stayed was their past house that was developed into an institution for old people or other wise known as home for the aged. Their where doctors, nurses and personnel who where in charged in taking care of the aged people. Both the husband and wife who owned the place are patients of the institution. The husband was not that defective that he should stay in the institution. But because of her love to her wife, she joined with her and involved himself with the therapy to her wife. – E N D –

Ethic Groups and Discrimination – Scottish-Americans

Running head: ETHNIC GROUPS AND DISCRIMINATION – SCOTTISH Ethnic Groups and Discrimination – Scottish Americans Axia College Ethnic Groups and Discrimination – Scottish Americans People from Scotland first came to the new world in the 1600s. There is some evidence of Scots coming to what is now considered America with the Vikings as slaves. This would be one of the first occurrences of mistreatment they endured (Gormley, 2000). Like other ethnic groups who migrated to the United States looking for a better life they were burdened with stereotypes and misconceptions about what kind of people they were. Over the course of their history people of Scottish decent have been a major force in the building of our country. They were instrumental in the creation and establishment of our current way of accounting, not just our country. History In America the Scots were stereotyped by the English, Dutch and Germans who also immigrated to this country. These groups stereotyped the Scots as uncivilized, not orderly and not interested in working hard to improve themselves. They were viewed as excellent fighters and were used in the western frontier as a first line of defense against Indian attacks. It did not take long for the Scots to squash the undeserved images of them by the colonists. Two Scotsmen names are on the Declaration of Independence and have been some of the most influential political figures in the history of America (Akins, 2010). The features and characteristics of the Scots would continue in the following centuries to come. After the revolutionary war period Scots would continue coming to America. Many of these immigrants possessed a higher than average education level when compared to other immigrants of the same period. Scotsmen were merchants, professionals, educators, doctors, and clergy (Landsman, 2006). With the exception of the latter, it can be presumed that this group, the Scots, was probably the faction doing the discrimination and stereo-typing now. It stands to reason because of their social status and place in society they may have looked down on other ethnic groups. Something that has happened throughout history in America and in other supposed civilized societies. At the same time, the Scots who mixed in with the Irish immigrants and were known as Scot-Irish did not always fair as well as those with an education. These persons scattered out across the mountain country of Appalachian Mountains and the western states. They were considered lazy and dirty, similar to those who came over originally. They toiled at menial jobs and lived in squalor in the mining communities. Like other ethnic groups, they were grouped together and were excluded from bettering themselves. This appears to be because of one’s education level and not as much emphasis on ones ethnic background. Especially since the Scots who had an education and/or profession had little trouble assimilating to American life. While the one’s without the above credentials had to work harder to be accepted by the ruling groups. One has to wonder since there were people of the group who â€Å"made it†; it was beneficial to those who needed the help. â€Å"One thing that particularly distinguished Scots and Scots-Irish immigration from that of most ethnic groups was their relatively easy adjustment into American society as white, English-speaking Protestants from the United Kingdom† (Landsman, 2006, p. 199) This gave them a step-up when it came to assimilation into the new country. This was an advantage that many other ethnic groups did not enjoy or experience. It is probably this and their solid work ethic that allowed them to go has far as they have. Presently, the members of this group are the ones complaining of reverse discrimination and other inequalities. It is interesting how the Scots have came around full-circle in America from the times of the Vikings, when they were enslaved to being pioneers of the country and ending with a type of institutional discrimination placed upon them and other light-skinned individuals for the advancement of the ones they held back. Conclusion I would like to think that I posses the best traits of the Scots; strong work ethic, strong sense of family responsibility and a high regard for education. When that is mixed with a sturdy patriotic belief in ones country it can only be a formula for success. Even the symbol of America, Uncle Sam was based on a Scottish-born businessman from NY (Scot-Amer, n. d. ). References Akins, S. (2010). Scots emigration/immigration to the US. Retrieved January 29, 2010, from http://www. siliconglen. com/Scotland/11_24. html Gormley, M. V. (2000). Migration patterns of our scottish ancestors. American Genealogy Magazine, 4(1). Retrieved from http://www. genealogymagazine. com/scots. html Landsman, N. (2006). Immigration and immigrants: scots and scots-irish. In P. Finkelman (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of the new american nation. Retrieved January 29, 2010, from Gale Virtual Reference Library  via  Gale:   http://find. galegroup. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/gps/start. do? prodId=IPS&userGroupName=uphoenix Scottish Americans. (n. d. ). Retrieved January 28, 2010, from Wiki Project – Ethnic Groups: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Scottish_American

Jane Eyre Essay

In the novel Jane Ere, Charlotte Bronze describes and expresses the life of the protagonist, Jane, through the character's own eyes. As Jane begins to explain her story to the reader, It Is shown fairly quickly that she leads, perhaps not a terrible, but an ill-fated life. Bronze uses this to her full advantage, swirling different styles into the tale through Cane's sense of self or outlook on the world, her discovery of the truths of her relationships, and the bizarre events that take place over the course of the story.These styles are romantic and gothic, and Bronze incorporates aspects from OTOH In her novel in a way that they smoothly advance the story. The style Bronze uses for Jeans personality Is romantic. Bronze gives Jane very romantic character traits. Jane may at first be considered a very common or ordinary person but she is in truth very original, â€Å"[when Rochester expresses his surprise that she is thus]† (). Even Mr.. Rochester, one of the few people she's b ecome close to, is surprised to discover how unique Cane's mind is. It Is her mind, in fact, that he comes to love so much.Another clear example of romanticism is how Jane freely expresses herself, â€Å"It was Bessie†¦ UT I did not stir†¦ I was not disposed to care much for the nursemaid's transitory anger, and I was disposed to bask In her youthful lightness of heart. I just put my two arms around her and said, ‘Come, Bessie! Don't scold! ‘ the action was†¦ Frank and fearless† (36). Even as a young child Jane was rather bold, and this trait only grew more as she aged. She does not hesitate to express herself even with Mr.. Rochester, who was in a higher social class than herself.Being individual, thoughtful and expressing things freely, which Jane is and does, are all elements of a mantic writing style, clearly showing that Bronze uses this style In her novel. The style Bronze uses for many of the settings In Cane's life Is gothic. The events and settings that happen throughout Cane's life tend to have a supernatural or dark feel to them. Shortly after Jane had agreed to marry Mr.. Rochester for the first time there was a great storm, â€Å"It [the chestnut-tree] writhed and groaned†¦ [It] had been struck by lightning†¦ And half of it split away/' (275-76).This is an example of gothic elements because what happens to the tree represents what Is going to happen In he near future, giving It a supernatural effect. The tree comes to represent Cane's and Mr.. Rochester relationship: how they part ways, then come back together after a time. The school that Jane goes to as a child and young woman is described as a very gloomy place; the girls at Elwood were forced to go outside for an hour in the cramped garden, where it was so cold that they developed chilblains. After which, there was no solace because the students didn't have enough food to revive, or fire to warm (59-60).Nearly all the children were hungry and cold; It was not until the bring that It began to get warmer and soul the students were starved. Besides that, an even darker event happened at Elwood – many students, including her friend Helen, die of typhus. The presence of desolation, gloom, and mysterious events all point to Bronze having used gothic traits in her writing. Throughout the novel, Bronze combines both romantic and gothic writing styles. She does this very well, so that the reader doesn't feel as if the story Is disjointed or awkward. After Jane and Mr..Rochester's wedding Is stopped, Mr.. Rochester shows Bertha, who is a schizophrenic. Knowing now that she cannot marry Edward, and she does not want to become his mistress, Jane decides to leave Threefold for good (316-320). The romantic trait of this situation was that Jane decided to leave, even though she really did not want to, because she had to do what was best for her. The gothic aspect was Mr.. Rochester's wife; a mad-woman who was living in his attic and h ad tried to kill him multiple times. After about a year, Jane is once more drawn to Mr.. Rochester; Jane hears Mr..Rochester's voice call out to her right before she is about to agree to marrying SST. John and decides that night that she will leave SST. John and the others to pursue what she wants, and that is to find out what became of Edward (456-459). The gothic, clearly, is how Jane can hear Mr.. Rochester call out to her even though they are miles and miles apart. The romantic is that, once again, Jane decides on what she is going to do based on what best for her, as an individual. In both of these situations, the romantic and gothic aspects come together and add interest to Bronze's novel.In conclusion, Charlotte Bronze's novel, Jane Ere combines romantic and gothic rating styles fluently in order to tell Cane's story. The romantic elements were usually infused to Cane's own character; the way she thought, her personality, and the way she lived her life. It was the settings an d events that took place, however, that held the gothic elements; Elwood, the storm, Mr.. Rochester's wife Bertha, and how she came back to Mr.. Rochester himself for Just a few examples. The way Bronze accomplished this feat is what drew in many people to reading, then consequently liking, her works and these affects continues to this day. Jane Eyre Essay Director Cary Faking in his adoption of Jane Ere (2011, uses a variety of film techniques to reveal key Ideas and to engage a modern audience. Set In the Victorian Era In England, Jane Ere tells the story of weekender young woman who overcomes tragic life circumstances before embarking on a Journey searching for independence, a sense of belonging and the true meaning of love.Faking uncovers the theme of isolation and loneliness through different sound effects and music, whereas the idea of emotional despair is illustrated carefully through different camera angles. Cane's characterization throughout the story emphasizes her courage and spirit. Faking portrays the dews of isolation and loneliness through the film techniques of music and sound effects. The director shows this by adding non-dietetic sounds to the dietetic sounds in the movie, representing this in the opening scene, which depicts Jane running across a field, crying.There are many dietetic sound here such as, the mind howl ing, ex. thunder, Jane crying and leaves crunching under her feet, which sets the scene for the audience. Subsequently a sad and lonely violin tune Is heard, making the audience empathic with Jane and adding emphasis to the sadness of the dietetic sounds. This also makes the audience curious as to what the cause of her distress is. Later in the movie, Faking highlights the pain of isolation and loneliness through sound effects, which is heavily displayed when Cane's Friend, Helen, receives a edge as punishment for ‘misbehaving'.During this scene the only sound heard is the whipping noise; emphasizing the characters pain, which subsequently causes the audience to feel empathy for her by this highlighting of her pain. Fustian's use of music and sound throughout the movie is effective in making the audience feel empathy for Cane's loneliness, pain, and Isolation. Faking presents the theme of emotional desolation through deferent camera angles and positions. This theme Is revealed in the scene at the opening of the movie when Jane arrives at the crossroads.The director uses this scene to demonstrate emotional despair by using a diverse range of camera angles, such as using a very low camera angle to display Cane's pain and sadness. A Tracking camera shot is used to make the audience feel connected to Jane. Following this, a bird's eye view shot is used to show Jane at crossroads, heightening the dews that she is small and insignificant against the landscape. The crossroads also symbolizes of the choices that she has to make.This idea is exposed in the flash back scene of Jane Ere at Elwood School, dews she s ignored and made to stand on the stool for the rest of the day without food and water. Faking uses a variety of camera angle shots to show the emotional despair dodged Jane Ere at Elwood. A mid shot is used to make the audience feel like they are in the scene with Jane making them feel the same feelings as Jane. Following this, an upwards looking shot Is used to make the audience feel her QED and Isolation. The director's use of a variety of camera angles shows the emotional despair Jane goes through during the movie.Director Faking Illustrates Cane's courage and parity through the characterization of Jane in the movie. This is shown in the scene in The scene shows Cane's courage and spirit through her ability to stay strong even when she is upset. The actress demonstrates this through her characterization. The actress's body language such as sitting up straight and holding back tears show Cane's strength. The audience is impressed by Cane's courage and spirit in this upsetting situation, as she is able to not become too emotional. Fustian's characterization of Jeannine shows her courage and spirit, highlighting to the audience how important courage is.Faking effectively uses the film techniques of sound effects, camera angles and characterization to covey the ideas of loneliness, emotional desolation and courage. Ball searching fo r independence, a sense of belonging and the true meaning of love is resolved when she reconnects with Rochester and finds her place in the world. A modern audience continues to be engaged by the story of Jane Ere due to the suspenseful nature of the gothic romantic plot and its distinctive characters who challenge and evoke a range of emotions. Jane Eyre Essay Director Cary Faking in his adoption of Jane Ere (2011, uses a variety of film techniques to reveal key Ideas and to engage a modern audience. Set In the Victorian Era In England, Jane Ere tells the story of weekender young woman who overcomes tragic life circumstances before embarking on a Journey searching for independence, a sense of belonging and the true meaning of love.Faking uncovers the theme of isolation and loneliness through different sound effects and music, whereas the idea of emotional despair is illustrated carefully through different camera angles. Cane's characterization throughout the story emphasizes her courage and spirit. Faking portrays the dews of isolation and loneliness through the film techniques of music and sound effects. The director shows this by adding non-dietetic sounds to the dietetic sounds in the movie, representing this in the opening scene, which depicts Jane running across a field, crying.There are many dietetic sound here such as, the mind howl ing, ex. thunder, Jane crying and leaves crunching under her feet, which sets the scene for the audience. Subsequently a sad and lonely violin tune Is heard, making the audience empathic with Jane and adding emphasis to the sadness of the dietetic sounds. This also makes the audience curious as to what the cause of her distress is. Later in the movie, Faking highlights the pain of isolation and loneliness through sound effects, which is heavily displayed when Cane's Friend, Helen, receives a edge as punishment for ‘misbehaving'.During this scene the only sound heard is the whipping noise; emphasizing the characters pain, which subsequently causes the audience to feel empathy for her by this highlighting of her pain. Fustian's use of music and sound throughout the movie is effective in making the audience feel empathy for Cane's loneliness, pain, and Isolation. Faking presents the theme of emotional desolation through deferent camera angles and positions. This theme Is revealed in the scene at the opening of the movie when Jane arrives at the crossroads.The director uses this scene to demonstrate emotional despair by using a diverse range of camera angles, such as using a very low camera angle to display Cane's pain and sadness. A Tracking camera shot is used to make the audience feel connected to Jane. Following this, a bird's eye view shot is used to show Jane at crossroads, heightening the dews that she is small and insignificant against the landscape. The crossroads also symbolizes of the choices that she has to make.This idea is exposed in the flash back scene of Jane Ere at Elwood School, dews she s ignored and made to stand on the stool for the rest of the day without food and water. Faking uses a variety of camera angle shots to show the emotional despair dodged Jane Ere at Elwood. A mid shot is used to make the audience feel like they are in the scene with Jane making them feel the same feelings as Jane. Following this, an upwards looking shot Is used to make the audience feel her QED and Isolation. The director's use of a variety of camera angles shows the emotional despair Jane goes through during the movie.Director Faking Illustrates Cane's courage and parity through the characterization of Jane in the movie. This is shown in the scene in The scene shows Cane's courage and spirit through her ability to stay strong even when she is upset. The actress demonstrates this through her characterization. The actress's body language such as sitting up straight and holding back tears show Cane's strength. The audience is impressed by Cane's courage and spirit in this upsetting situation, as she is able to not become too emotional. Fustian's characterization of Jeannine shows her courage and spirit, highlighting to the audience how important courage is.Faking effectively uses the film techniques of sound effects, camera angles and characterization to covey the ideas of loneliness, emotional desolation and courage. Ball searching fo r independence, a sense of belonging and the true meaning of love is resolved when she reconnects with Rochester and finds her place in the world. A modern audience continues to be engaged by the story of Jane Ere due to the suspenseful nature of the gothic romantic plot and its distinctive characters who challenge and evoke a range of emotions.

The Roles of The Presidents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Roles of The Presidents - Essay Example Documented evidence available indicates that the administration of President Dwight David Eisenhower is considered to have been responsible for starting the war. His presidency is in fact looked at in two contexts, with the most prominent one involving the strategy he employed to wage the Cold War. He was intensely dedicated to the policy of containing socialism by deploying economic and military aid, forming defensive alliances, and finally by threatening to exercise U.S. military power (Jonathan, 2004). With the exit of the French from Vietnam, it is stated that Eisenhower decided to support the South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem believing to get some success in return. This was not to be the case With this failure, Eisenhower knew that a destructive atomic war was in the offing. Although he wanted to avert this possibility as much as possible, he was on the other prepared to employ clandestine and deliberately misleading methods to achieve his nation's national security goals (Jonathan, 2004). He had used the same strategy in Iran and later in Guatemala working through the Central Intelligence Agency. Although his party lost control of Congress, he won an overwhelming personal victory at the polls. President John F. Escalation of the conflict. President John F. Kennedy ascended into office with a conviction that America might and ought to shape the destiny of the world's developing countries. Primarily, Vietnam was not one of his mental preoccupations. In fact Vietnam was not on his list of priorities nor was it either discussed as a key issue at the transition meeting during the take over from Eisenhower. But sometime in the middle of his administration when the Vietnam issue had become more urgent, Kennedy simply remarked that Eisenhower never uttered the word Vietnam (Sylvia, 2004). He never strongly condemned the Vietnam War, an indication that he aided in its escalation. In fact it is only one of his key advisers who is known to have spoken against the war. President Kennedy started sending American forces to Vietnam in May 1961 and by the end of 1962, the military had received 11,300 US officers operating in South Vietnam, thus slowly escalating American involvement in the war. But towards the end of 1963, the war was still far from being over. This caused President Kennedy to organize the assassination of Diem of the South Vietnam regime. Before Kennedy was able to pull out 1,000 men from Vietnam at the end of the year as he had announced, was assassinated on November 22, 1963, having helped to escalate America's military, political, and maybe psychological commitment to Vietnam (Jonathan, 2004). Responsibility for America's disappointment in the Vietnam War is most squarely placed at the feet of Lyndon Johnson. It was him following President Kennedy's death in 1963 that increased America's military involvement in Vietnam and it was also during his administration that most American casualties were suffered. It is even documented that on 28 June 1966, the United States started bombing petrol, oil and lubricants facilities in the North Vietnamese cities of Hanoi and Haiphong, a move considered in many quarters as directed mainly against civilians (Jonathan, 2004). President Nixon on the other hand must be held accountable nearly as much as Lyndon Johnson for the failure of

My Leaders Profile in early childhood Assignment

My Leaders Profile in early childhood - Assignment Example In this paper therefore, the profile of the Director and nominated Supervisor of Maryland Early Childhood Center based in Sydney, Patricia1 is presented. According to (Leithwood, Day, Sammons, Harris, and Hopkins, 2006), the directors of early childhood educational institutions have to be proficient in teaching strategies, group dynamics, conceptual skills in child development, adept in understanding and implementing issues to do with the correct moral purposes to adopt, and be goal oriented. The profile is therefore presented in a manner that seeks to examine the key characteristics, knowledge, skills, and personality of Patricia to critic how well they match with the proficiency guidelines for directors outlined by Leithwood, Day, Sammons, Harris, and Hopkins (2006). Section 3: My Leader’s Story Introduction Thornton (2005) has argued that early educational school directors should be able to budget their time in such a way that they make time for the parents of their charges so as to discuss the progress of the children. What this implies is that the leader of an early childhood institution must have a social structure principle that focuses not only on the children who are put in their care but also on other agencies such as the home and how such agencies can make their functional duties easier. Indeed, this is a characteristic that my leader has exhibited in her numerous years of experience as a director as she has a story built on the success she has seen as a result of collaborative leadership style with parents and other stakeholders. For instance as noted by Rodd (2005), he has already begun to foster strong networks with other Early Childhood agencies that are located within the community. Management Role The job title of the leader is Nominated Supervisor of a Centre-based child care service. She currently holds the position as a director. Some of the major job descriptions of the director, as specified under the Education and Care Service Nati onal Law and Education and Care Service National Regulations are given as listed below: She is expected to ensure the effective day to day administrative operation of the service and also to make sure that the Centre meets the Education and Care Services National Regulations at all times. What is more, she is required to comply with the National quality Framework and standards to maintain high quality care and education. To achieve this, it is expected that she will ensure compliance with the code of conduct at all times and be responsible for the care and education of each individual child attending the service. Her job description gives mandate over her staff as she is to ensure that adequate supervision and direction is provided for children by ensuring the prescribed educator to child ratios are met and each educator at the service meets the qualification requirements relevant to the educator’s role2. Several more of these job descriptions have been attached at the append ix 2. Generally, management roles can be defined from three major perspectives namely planning, organisation and monitoring, out of which McCrea, N. & Ehrich, L. (1999) have devised the POM model. Model of Management Process McCrea, N. & Ehrich, L. (1999) From the diagram presented above, it would be realised that all three

Explaining Labour Marker Inequality and Discrimination Essay

Explaining Labour Marker Inequality and Discrimination - Essay Example Social institutions, forces, and traditions that discriminate against race and gender influence the labour market. This essay is an attempt to identify the theory that best explains the embeddedness of discrimination and inequalities in employment. This essay also discusses the limits to law, equal opportunities policies and collective bargaining as remedies to labour inequality and discrimination. Labour discrimination implies that, other things being equal, members of a minority group, women, and even disabled people do not enjoy the same privileges and opportunities in the labour market as do Whites and men. Discrimination and inequality in the labour market may be classified into three, namely, (1) occupational segregation, (2) employment inequality, and (3) wage inequality (Ackerman 2000, xxxvi). Even though people of colour and women both endure labour discrimination, the shape it assumes for each group is not the same. Studies on discrimination in the labour market have report ed that the recognisable features of race and gender are the determinant of occupation and pay (Whalen 1996). According to Edwards (1985), discrimination against people of colour and women in the labour market is reinforced and renewed through the forming of wage differentials. Hence, to maintain a pool of low-wage labour, a number of employees are methodically segregated, on the basis of their racial affinity or gender, from high-wage sectors of the labour market. A Theory of Labour Market Discrimination and Inequality Theories that are strongly established and commonly recognised in labour research have five attributes in common, according to Solimano (1998). First, as regards to their analytical feature, they are neatly clear-cut and basic assumptions vulnerable to mainstream ideas and sentiments. Second, correctly interpreted these basic assumptions possess extensive uses producing practically valuable predictions or a semblance of truth that is vividly interesting. Third, they address issues of social policy. Fourth, established theories usually communicate several basic ideological predispositions that have a substantial tradition (Solimano 1998). Ultimately, remarkable theories hold research programmes that encourage scholars to focus on some aspects and not on others for better knowledge of major concerns. Theories of labour market segmentation have an institutional and historical inclination, arguing that â€Å"jobs cluster in segments that differ systematically by the skill and training involved, job security and attachment, opportunities for advancement, breadth of job definition, level of worker participation in decisions, and compensation† (Whalen 1996, 200). Most existing knowledge about these subject matters originates from historians and sociologists. The theory of segmented labour market is generally related to a leftist or Marxist analysis (Solimano 1998). In order to prove that the theory of segmented labour market is the best theory that explains the embeddedness of discrimination and equality in the labour market, it is important to restate an aspect of the core issue in this arena. According to Kirton and Greene (2010), substitutes to the neo-classical theory of labour market emerged in order to clarify actual phenomena not likely to be understood through traditional theory. These real phenomena are associated with unemployment, poverty, and

Prokaryotuc and eukarytotic cell & endocrine and exocine glands Essay

Prokaryotuc and eukarytotic cell & endocrine and exocine glands - Essay Example Prokaryotic organisms like bacteria have cell walls that have peptidoglycan. Bacteria are unique organisms that have this material inside their cell walls and no any other organism has this material. Some of the eukaryotic cells have cell walls for example eukaryotic animal cells do not have cell walls while eukaryotic plant cells as well as fungi have cell walls that consist of cellulose and chitin (Black 93). Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus but there is a central nuclear region. In addition, prokaryotes also have a single molecule of DNA that is circular in shape. Nucleus is the most important and unique part of eukaryotic cells and maximum DNA of the cell is present in the nucleus and multiple molecules are present (Campbell and Farrell 16). In prokaryotes, DNA is located in the nuclear region that does not have any membrane while in eukaryotes DNA is enclosed in Nucleus covered by nuclear envelope (Black 80). Eukaryotic organisms are bigger in size as compared to prokaryotic org anisms for example eukaryotic organisms consist of size from1 micrometer to 1 millimeter while prokaryotic organism consists of size from 1 to 10 micrometers. Eukaryotic animals have centrioles and centrosome while eukaryotic plants, fungi, algae and prokaryotic organisms do not have centrioles and centrosome. ... example, all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria except oddball parasites and all eukaryotic plants have chloroplasts that help in the food making process with the help of photosynthesis (Campbell and Farrell 19). Binary fission is the cell division process in prokaryotes while in eukaryotes, cells divide through mitosis and meiosis. Prokaryotic cells divide by asexual reproduction but eukaryotes divide by asexual as well as sexual reproduction (Black 80). Prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes can be autotrophic (generating food themselves) as well as heterotrophic (getting food from other sources). Examples of prokaryotes are bacteria while plants and animals can be taken as examples of eukaryotes. Autotrophic prokaryotes are photosynthetic (who make organic food using energy from sunlight) as well as chemosynthetic (who make organic food using energy from inorganic chemicals) while eukaryotes are photosynthetic but not chemosynthetic (Black 81). Difference between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands Human body consists of two types of glands that are endocrine and exocrine. Endocrine system contains glands that are responsible for discharging their secretions. Endocrine glands are responsible for discharging their secretions within the body while exocrine glands secrete on the body surface. The secretions that are secreted by the glands are the hormones (Clark 229). There are number of hormones that move from here to there in the body in the flow of blood. Level of hormones is influenced due to minerals in the blood, stress, infection in the body and misbalance in the fluid. Both exocrine glands and endocrine glands are formed from epithelial tissue (Clark 229). Exocrine glands secrete with the support of ducts while in endocrine glands, no distinct ducts are present for

Economics Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Economics Assignment - Essay Example Such a development is likely to hike the price of oil given that the demand for oil remains fixed. The pressure upon the price level is heightened given the fact the unavailability of suitable substitutes of the product. The key terms to be addressed in the present paper are demand and supply schedules, equilibrium points and substitutes. Demand and supply schedules constitute of the market forces prevalent in nation. While the former is the locus of various price levels and the corresponding amount of aggregate demand made by the consumers, the latter is the reflection of the aggregate amount that the suppliers are going to provide in the market at any given level of price (Mankiw, 2008, p. 65). Equilibrium points are determined at the intersection of demand and supply schedules; these are the points at which aggregate demand and aggregate supply match with one another. An economy is expected to operate at the equilibrium point at its optimum (Frank & Bernanke, 2006, p. 66). Lastly, substitutes imply the goods which both consumers and suppliers are likely to replace for any particular commodity. If two goods are perfect substitutes, any discrepancy in the market forces of one is reflected in that of the other. For instance, a shortage in the supply of one leading to a hike in its equilibrium price level will be mirrored through a hike in the demand for another good that is a perfect substitute, as more and more people rush to avail the latter commodity instead of the first. However, if two goods are imperfect substitutes, a discrepancy originating in one will not be reflected much in that of the other (Poterba, 1999, p. 31). The present problem is that of a situation that is likely to arise due to a crunch in the availability of oil. Since oil could be used for multiple purposes and does not have many substitutes to replace it perfectly, the demand for oil could be regarded to be quite inelastic in nature (represented by the red curve). On

Bull market or bear market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bull market or bear market - Essay Example Additionally, as the national income increases, so is the demand for stock is the stock market. Over the next two years, earnings by companies will increase substantially as the demand for goods and services within US increases. The rate of interest in US is low, which results in an increase in the value of stock. In other words, the rate of interest and the prices of stock have a direct relationship (Murphy 18). When the rates of interest are low, the earnings from bonds decreases, and the stock bec0mes more attractive compared to bonds. Another reason why there is a bull stock market is that many companies have fully recovered from the 2008 global financial crisis and are buying back their stock. The increase in the demand for stock grows the prices for the stock. As the number of companies that have fully recovered increases, so is the demand for the stock, thus the increase in their

Analysis the center character Iago and what he does to destroy Othello Essay

Analysis the center character Iago and what he does to destroy Othello in William Shakespeare's drama the tragedy of Othello, the moor of Venice - Essay Example He does this because Cassio is the officer that Othello promoted. Iago decides that by doing this, he will make Othello loose favor with the rest of the military personnel. He wants to not only have revenge but also to make sure that Othello is cast from his position. He sets out to discredit Othello and also to discredit Michael Cassio, the man that was promoted. The interesting aspect of this play is that Iago is a main character that is juxtaposed with Othello as a main character and he is more important than other characters. The reason he is important is because he continually looks for ways to make Othello more jealous. As he does this, he is also plotting against him for his own possible gain (more implied than spoken). Iago is evil it seems and can be seen as a "worm tongue" because he is constantly trying to discredit Othello and Cassio. He does a great job of doing this for Othello because he understands that jealousy makes Othello vulnerable. In fact, so vulnerable that he relies on what Iago says instead of listening to Desdemona as she explains to him that she is not involved with anyone except him. This does not set well for him because he believes Iago and decides that his wife is lying. All of this happens because Iago has taken a handkerchief that was found by Emilia, his wife, and he plants the handkerchief in Cassios room. When he brings this to Othellos attention, Othellos judgment is clouded for the rest of the play. He eventually will kill his wife and then himself because the same is much too difficult for him. Iago manipulates Othello in many ways. He begins by suggesting to him that Desdemona may need to be watched because there are other suitors for her to pick from around the castle. Othello is not unlike other people in the world in that once he has the seeds of doubt and infidelity into his mind,

Blacks Leisure Group plc (BLG) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Blacks Leisure Group plc (BLG) - Case Study Example It was Peter Farquhar who articulated that "a brand is a name, symbol, design, or mark that enhances the value of a product beyond its functional purpose" (Farquhar 1989). This gave rise to the brand equity's subsequent definition as the "added value with which a brand endows the product." (Farquhar 1989). In 1991 David Aaker put forth the model of Brand Equity in his seminal work "Managing Brand Equity" (1991). The model stipulates that brand equity is founded on five dimensions that of brand loyalty, name awareness, perceived quality, brand associations and other proprietary brand assets. Of the five brand equity elements, the basic four elements will be the subject of this discourse that will attempt to apply the principles of brand equity to Blacks Leisure Group's current market situation. This report will attempt to discuss the subjects of Brand Loyalty and how Blacks can begin to fully appraise the status of its core market's willingness to support the brand vis--vis the many market and economic fluctuations; the subject of Brand Name Awareness and how Blacks can continue to perpetuate its top-of-mind status in the outdoor sporting goods and lifestyle business; the subject of Perceived Quality and how Blacks can improve on its product attributes which can make or break its "specialist" status in the outdoor sporting goods category; and finally, the subject of Brand Associations which is ever more important these days in the face of stiff competition, environmental pressures and increasing consumer awareness that exacts nothing less than the best of what a company can offer and give back to the various communities and stakeholders it impacts on. CASE BACKGROUND With its stock publicly traded at the London Stock exchange and enjoying, there is no arguing that Blacks has been enjoying enthusiastic public support over the last 10 years. In fact, there is no denying that Blacks is one of United Kingdom's leading retail sportswear and sporting goods groups and the largest specialty outdoor retailer. Innovation, style and technology and a demonstrated passion for providing a range of outdoor clothing and equipment at great value for money remain Blacks Outdoor's hallmark in the industry. The company operates 427 stores under seven company-owned and managed retail chains across the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Its Sports & Fashion division includes the First Sport chain, the AV (Active Lifestyle) chain, and the company's newest store concept, Pure Women, the company's first attempt to target specifically the women's sportswear and sports fashions category. Its Outdoor division features the company's original store format, Blacks Outdoor, buttressed by the company's acquisition of U.K. outdoor sporting goods leader The Outdoor Group--which included the Millets chain of family-oriented sporting goods stores and the higher-end Air and youth-oriented Free Spirit retail chains. Though it had to cut back on its Wholesaling division, after the sale of the company's Fifa UK license back to Italian parent Fifa International in 2000, Blacks still enjoys

Audience expectations Essay Example for Free

Audience expectations Essay In this essay I will discuss how Arthur Miller set out the first scene of the play, The Crucible to prepare the audience for what the play is about, and how well he did this. I will look at the dramatic devices, language etc.  The play The Crucible has strong links with the USA in the 1950s when communism was a problem. The name of the play creates parallels between Salem 1692 and the USA 1950s. A definition of crucible can be, used to extract impurities this is related Salem 1692 because the judges and townsfolk were trying to purify the village from witches whilst Joseph McCarthy was trying to purify the USA of communists. Peoples views and opinions have not changed since the 1600s and people believe only one way is right, communists and witches are both evil and therefore should be rid of, this is what miller is trying to portray about the world. No-one gets a chance to prove themselves or prove they are good and mean no harm. If you are a witch or a communist you are evil and its not acceptable therefore the only thing to do it get rid of them. This is shown in the play by the fact that lots of people in the village are being accused of witchery, and you die whether you have an excuse or proof that your not a witch, if you admit it you are saved but have to promise you want to come back to the lord but if you are truly faithful to the lord such as goody Proctor, you will not falsely admit to being a witch and therefore will be killed. Miller uses dramatic devices in the play The Crucible, one of these devices is dramatic irony. This is when the audience knows something about a certain character but the other characters dont. They are like secrets no one knows apart from the characters involved. This creates tension as it seems as I everyone is hiding something. Miller uses this technique when the audience knows that Proctor and Abigail had an affair but the other characters are not aware. The audience then gets frustrated because it seems so obvious to them and they want to tell the characters whats going on. He also uses this when the characters dont know that Abigail is lying and the accusations are not real. The audience think it is so simple to realise what is going on because they know there is no such thing a witches. And the audience knows that dramatic irony is a clear device used throughout the play. Exits and entrances are also used in the crucible; this is so the characters can have their private conversations like Abigail and Proctor. This creates confusion between the characters as they all have secrets, this then creates panic of others finding out and this panic can grow like Abigails panic grew for her being found out to be untruthful. This panic grew and grew until she was confessing random names/accusations. I saw goody Sibber with the devil!, I saw Goody Hawkins with the devil!, I saw Goody Bibber with the devil!, I saw Goody Booth with the devil The audience however would know that Abigail and her friends are making it up because there is no such thing as witches. Another technique is the use of offstage action these are events that are not shown but they are mentioned. This is like the affair between Proctor and Abigail, this happens before the play begins. Also the audience doesnt see the dancing in the forest they only hear about it, they dont see it. This is the driving force behind the story; the audience are intrigued by what is going on.  At the beginning of the play there is an overture, Miller begins the play by describing the setting and the scenery in detail, this is so the audience can see what it is like and will help them understand what is going on in the play. A narrow window on the left the detail is important in linking the beginning with the rest of the play, as later on in the play, Betty uses the window, previously described to attempt to jump out of, screaming mama, and this shows hysteria in the play, it is obvious to the audience that introducing themes of witchcraft will cause hysteria. Uncle, themes of witchcraft are all about, all the rumours of witchcraft could have calmed down if Abigail hadnt said Betty had fainted, which is a blatant lie because she didnt know Ruth had apparently fainted as well. We did dance uncle, a bad mistake by Abigail, letting Parris know he was right he was right and therefore giving him more to suspect about witchcraft, and when you leapt out of the bush so suddenly, Betty was frightened and then she fainted.

Blood Donation Safety Procedures: An Overview

Blood Donation Safety Procedures: An Overview Qualification of blood donors has become a lengthy and detailed process, a donor inquisition some would say. Yet blood collection depends on this system of safeguards to protect the donor from injury and the recipient from the risks of allogeneic blood. Sensitive screening tests have been considered the cornerstone of blood safety for more than three decades. However, testing represents only one component of this system. Additional layers of safety include following measures:- Detailed donor education programmes prior to recruitment, Pre-donation informational literature, Stringent donor screening selection and deferral procedures, Post-donation product quarantine Donor tracing and notification when instances of disease transmission are detected. Each element plays a role in preventing tainted units from entering the blood inventory. Most transfusion services have developed evidence-based standards and regulations for the selection of donors and quality systems to assure excellence in all phases of their application. Other standards derive from expert opinion and common sense, and these policies need to be revisited as scientific information becomes available. Blood donors should have the following general qualifications:- They should have reached the age of consent, most often 18 years, but 17 in some countries such as the USA and the UK; They should be in good health, They should have no history of serious illness, Must weigh enough to allow safe donation of a unit and not recognize themselves as being at risk of transmitting infection. Ideally, donation should be strictly voluntary and without financial incentive. Some blood services impose an arbitrary upper limit on age, commonly 65 years, or up to age 70 in Denmark and the UK; however, it seems curiously subjective to exclude donors on the basis of age alone if they are otherwise in good health. The Blood Collection Service should provide informational literature for prospective blood donors. After information and counselling about criteria for donor selection, donors should consent in writing to the terms of donation, including the use of the donated  blood, the extent of testing, the use of testing results (including donor notification of positive results) and the future use of any stored specimens. Donors should be told about the possibility of delayed fainting and about other significant risks of the donation procedure. Blood donation has potential medicolegal consequences. If a donor becomes ill shortly after giving blood, the illness may be attributed to blood donation For this reason, among others, it is important to ensure that donors have no history of medical conditions such as brittle diabetes, hypertension, poorly controlled epilepsy and unstable cardiopulmonary disease that might be associated with an adverse event following phlebotomy. Pregnancy might be adversely affected by the donation process and ordinarily excludes a donor. Donors who become ill within 2 weeks of donation should be encouraged to inform the transfusion service, which may wish to discard the donated blood, recall any plasma sent for fractionation or follow up recipients of the blood components as appropriate. Donors who develop hepatitis or HIV infection within 3-6 months of donation should also i nform the Blood Collection Service. Donor interview The donor interview should be conducted by staff trained and qualified to administer questions and evaluate responses. The donor interview should be conducted in a setting sufficiently unhurried and private as to permit discussion of confidential information. With current practices in the USA, approximately 2% of volunteer donors still disclose risks that would have led to deferral at the time of donation. Introduction of standardized and validated questionnaires and the application of interactive computer-assisted audiovisual health history may reduce errors and misinterpretations during conduct of the donor interview. Physical examination Blood collectors perform a limited physical examination designed to protect donor and recipient. Screeners routinely assess the donors general appearance and defer those who do not appear well or are under the influence of alcohol. A normal range of pulse and blood pressure is defined, although variances may be granted for healthy athletes. Body weight and temperature are measured by some collection services. Both arms are examined for evidence of illicit drug use and for lesions at the venepuncture site. Volume of donation The volume of anticoagulant solutions in collection bags is calculated to allow for collection of a particular volume of blood, which, in the UK, is 450  ± 45 ml. In the USA often 500 ml, but in no case more than 10.5 ml/kg including the additional volume of 20-30 ml of blood collected into pilot tubes. From donors weighing 41-50 kg, only 250 ml of blood is collected into bags in which the volume of anticoagulant solution has been appropriately reduced. In some countries, the volume collected routinely is less than 450 ml, for example 350-400 ml in Turkey, Greece and Italy, and 250 ml in some Asian countries such as Japan, where donors tend to be smaller. Record-keeping It should be possible to trace the origin of every blood donation and records should be kept for several years, depending on the guidelines for each country. In many countries, a system employing unique bar-coded eyereadable donation numbers is now in use. This system makes it possible to link each donation to its integral containers and sample tubes and to the particular donor session record. Information concerning previous donations, such as records of blood groups and microbiology screening tests, antibodies detected, donor deferrals and adverse reactions are important for subsequent attendances. Electronic storage of donor information greatly facilitates accurate identification, release, distribution and traceability of units of blood and blood products. An international code, ISBT 128, is intended to be used by all countries for the accurate identification of donors and donations. These records must be protected from accidental destruction, modification or unauthorized access. Frequency of donors in the population Although in many Western countries, some 60% of the population are healthy adults aged 18-65 years and thus qualified to be blood donors, the highest annual frequency of donation in the world corresponds to about 10% of the population eligible to give blood donating once per year, as in Switzerland. The frequency in most developing countries is less than 1% . The number of units collected per 1000 US inhabitants of usual donor age (18-65) was 88.0 in 2001, up from 80.8 in 1999. Although this number compares favourably with the rate of 72.2 per 1000 in 1997, it pales in comparison with the 100 units per 1000 population collected in Switzerland. As treacherous as it may be to interpret these figures, the numbers suggest that US collecting facilities are progressively improving efficiency. Data from the American National Red Cross indicate that the average volunteer donates about 1.7 times a year. Losses from outdated red cells accounted for 5.3% of the supply but, given the fact that r ed cells can be transfused only to compatible recipients, the number of usable units outdated appears to be extremely small. More than 99% of group O units and 97% of group A units were transfused. The shrinking donor pool: the safety vs. availability conundrum Donor deferrals and miscollected units have an increasing role in blood shortages. In a 1-year study at a regional blood centre, nearly 14% of prospective donors were ineligible on the day of presentation and more than 3.8% of donations did not result in the collection of an acceptable quantity of blood. Short-term deferral for low haemoglobin (Hb) was the overwhelming reason for the deferral of female donors in all age groups, representing more than 50% of all short-term deferrals. In first-time female donors, low Hb accounted for 53-67% of deferrals within different age groups, and for repeat female donors 75-80% of deferrals. In both firsttime and repeat male donors aged 40 years and older, the most common reason for short-term deferral was blood pressure or pulse outside allowed limits. For persons aged 16-24 years, regardless of sex and donation  status, the most common reason for lengthy deferral was tattoo, piercing or other non-intravenous drug use needle exposure. For 25- to 39-year-old female donors, needle exposure was also the most common reason, whereas for male donors, travel to a malarial  area was more common. For all ages over 40, the most common reason for long-term deferral was travel to a malarial area. Measures introduced to increase blood safety may  have the unintended consequence of decreasing blood availability. Results from demographic studies indicate that certain donor groups or donor sites present an unacceptable risk of disease transmission. For example, blood collectors no longer schedule mobile drives at prisons or institutions for the disabled because of the recognized high prevalence of transfusion-transmissible viruses. Few would argue the risk-benefit analysis of these exclusions. More questionable were the temporary exclusions of US soldiers exposed to multiple tick bites at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, and the lengthy deferrals of veterans who served in Iraq and Kuwait because of the fear that they might harbour Leishmania donovani, an agent infrequently associated with transfusion risk. Donors who have received human growth hormone injections have been indefinitely deferred because of the possible risk of transmitting Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease (CJD); however, relatives of patients with sporadic CJD are still deferred in the US (except for preparation of plasma fractions) despite evidence of their safety. There have now been five case-control studies of more than 600 CJD cases, two look-back studies of recipients of CJD products, two autopsy studies of patients with haemophilia and mortality surveillance of 4468 CJD deaths over 16 years without any link to transmission by transfusion (Centers for Bio logic Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration 2002). Although the impact of this deferral on the US blood supply has been negligible, the recent indefinite deferral of donors who resided in the UK for a total of 3 months or longer between 1980 and 1996, and the complicated deferral policy for residents and visitors to the European continent, designed to reduce a calculated risk of transmission of the human variant of mad cow disease (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, vCJD), has had a substantial impact, a loss of as much as 10% by some estimates, particularly on apheresis donors (Custer et al. 2004). Additional donor exclusions appear to be on the horizon. Donor medications constitute another significant area of deferral losses. Certain medications, for example etretinate (Tegison), isotretinoin (Accutane), acitretin (Soriatane), dutasteride (Avodart) and finasteride (Proscar), have been identified as posing potential risk to transfusion recipients because of their teratogenic potential at low plasma concentrations. Such exclusions have little impact on blood safety but each shrinks the potentially eligible volunteer donor pool. More troublesome, although not as numerous, are donor deferrals resulting from false-positive infectious disease screening tests. This problem has been recognized since the introduction of serological tests for syphilis. However, during the past 15 years, the introduction of new screening tests and testing technologies has resulted in numerous deferrals for questionable test results and either complex re-entry algorithms or no approved method to requalify such donors. Surrogate tests used for screening have pro ved particularly troublesome. However, even specific tests result in inappropriate deferrals. Of initial disease marker-reactive donations, 44% proved to be indeterminate or false positive. Each year an estimated 14000 donors are deferred from donating blood for an indefinite period because of repeatedly reactive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) screening tests for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and several hundred donors are deferred for apparently false-positive nucleic acid testing (NAT) results. Registry of bone marrow donors Voluntary blood donors are highly suitable to become bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell donors for unrelated recipients, and many transfusion services now recruit them for this purpose. From its founding in 1986 until August 2003, the National Marrow Donor Program in the USA had registered more than 5 million bone marrow and blood stem cell donors, and Bone Marrow Donors Worldwide in the Netherlands records more than 8 million donors from 51 registries in 38 countries. Standards for acceptance of stem cell donors are based on blood donor eligibility. A uniform donor history is being developed. Conditions that may disqualify a donor Carriage of transmissible diseases The most important infectious agents transmissible by transfusion are the hepatitis viruses B and C, HIV, human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs), bacteria and the agents causing malaria and Chagas disease. Increasing attention is being paid to the risks of emerging agents and newly recognized infectious risks of transfusion such as West Nile virus, babesiosis and vCJD. Steps that should be taken to minimize the risk of infecting recipients with the agents of these and other diseases involve exclusion based on geographical residence, signs and symptoms of disease, high-risk activity and demographics associated with risk transmission. Donors who have been exposed to an infectious disease and are at risk of developing it should be deferred for at least the length of the incubation period. Recent inoculations, vaccinations, etc. To avoid the possibility of transmitting live viruses (e.g. those of measles, mumps, rubella, Sabin oral polio vaccine, yellow fever, smallpox), donors should not give blood during the 3 weeks following vaccination. In subjects immunized with killed microbes or with antigens (cholera, influenza, typhoid, hepatitis A and B, Salk polio, rabies, anthrax, tick-borne and Japanese encephalitis) or toxoids (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis), the interval is normally only 48 h. These recommendations apply if the donor is well following vaccination. Plasma from recently immunized donors may be useful for the manufacture of specific immunoglobulin preparations. Donors who have received immunoglobulins after exposure to infectious agents should not give blood for a period slightly longer than the incubation period of the disease in question. If hepatitis B immunoglobulin has been given after exposure to the virus, donation should be deferred for 9 months to 1 year; similarly, if tetanus immunoglo bulin has been given, donation  should be deferred for 4 weeks. When rabies vaccination follows a bite by a rabid animal, blood donations should be suspended for 1 year. In developed countries, tetanus and diphtheria immunoglobulin is derived from human sources. However, horse serum is still  used in some parts of the world. Donors who have received an injection of horse serum within the previous 3 weeks should not donate blood because traces of horse serum in their blood might harm an allergic recipient. The administration of normal human immunoglobulin before travelling to countries where hepatitis A is endemic is not a cause for deferral. Group O subjects may develop very potent haemolytic anti-A following an injection of tetanus toxoid, typhoid-paratyphoid (TAB), vaccine or pepsindigested horse serum, which may contain traces of hog pepsin. In the past, the use of such subjects as universal donors sometimes led to severe haemolytic transfusion reactions in group A subjects. Platelet concentrates collected by apheresis from subjects with hyperimmune anti-A should not be used for transfusion to group A or AB patients in view of the large volume of plasma needed to suspend the platelet concentrate. Ear-piercing, electrolysis, tattooing, acupuncture   All of these procedures carry a risk of transmission of hepatitis or HIV infection when the equipment used is not disposable or sterilized, and blood donation should then be deferred for 12 months. In the UK, donors are accepted if the acupuncture is performed by a registered medical practitioner or in a hospital. Although  the association between tattooing and exposure to hepatitis C is generally acknowledged, less clear is whether a tattoo performed by licensed and inspected facilities carries more risk than a trip to the dentists surgery. Allergic subjects Subjects who suffer from very severe allergy are unacceptable as donors because their hypersensitivity may be passively transferred to the recipient for a short period. Subjects with seasonal allergy (e.g. hay fever) may donate when not in an active  phase of their hypersensitivity. A screening test for immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies would not help to identify those allergic individuals with an increased chance of passively transferring their hypersensitivity. Blood transfusions and tissue grafts Donations should not be accepted for at least 12 months after the subject has received blood, blood components or grafts. Increasingly, donors who have received transfusion in the UK are being deferred indefinitely as a precaution against transmission of vCJD. Surgery and dental treatment When surgery has been carried out without blood transfusion, donation may be considered when the subject has fully recovered. Uncomplicated dental treatments and extractions should not be a cause for prolonged deferral, as utensils are sterilized and the  risk of bacteraemia persisting for more than 1 h is negligible. Medication Many subjects taking medication are not suitable as donors because of their underlying medical condition. Others are unsuitable as donors because the drugs they are taking, for example anticoagulants or cytotoxic agents, may harm the recipients. Subjects who have taken aspirin within the previous week are unsuitable when theirs are the only platelets to be given to a particular recipient. Ingestion of oral contraceptives or replacement hormones such as thyroxine is not a disqualification for blood donation. On the other hand, recipients of human growth hormone (non-recombinant) should be permanently deferred from blood donation as should subjects who have used illicit injected drugs. Deferral for specific medication use is usually an issue of medical discretion. Donors with relatively minor red cell abnormalities In some populations, a considerable number of donors have an inherited red cell abnormality. The three conditions most likely to be encountered are: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency, sickle trait (HbAS) and thalassaemia trait. G-6-PD deficiency. This is the most common red cell enzyme defect; hundreds of molecular variants have been catalogued. Although most G-6-PD-deficient red cells have only slightly subnormal survival and lose viability on storage with adenine at only a slightly increased rate (Orlina et al. 1970), some enzyme variants render the cells unsuitable for transfusion. With the African variant GdA- present in 10% of African  Americans, a relatively small number of red cells are severely affected. However, the Mediterranean variant GdMediterranean and others render the red cell particularly  sensitive to oxidative stress. If the recipient of one of these units develops an infectious illness or ingests fava beans or one of any number of drugs (ph enacetin, sulfonamides, vitamin K, primaquine, etc.), rapid destruction of the donors G-6-PD-deficient cells may  result. Neonatologists avoid using G-6-PD-deficient blood for exchange transfusion, and subjects who have evidenced G-6-PD-related haemolysis should be permanently deferred from donation (Beutler 1994). Sickle trait (HbAS). Sickle trait red cells survive normally in healthy subjects, even after storage. However,  in patients subject to various types of hypoxic stress, these cells survive poorly. HbS polymerizes at low oxygen tension and the cells are trapped in the spleen. Blood from donors with sickle cell trait should not be used for infants or for patients with  sickle cell disease who undergo exchange transfusion. Patients, other than those with sickle Hb, who require general anaesthesia should have no problems if transfused  with HbAS red cells provided that adequate oxygenation is maintained. Red cells from subjects with HbAS are usually unaffected by collection via apheresis,  but those with sickling haemoglobinopathies should not donate by apheresis and are not suitable for intraoperative salvage. If blood from donors with sickle cell trait is  glycerolized for storage in the frozen state, extra wash solution must be used during the deglycerolization procedure. Sickle trait prevents ef fectiveWBC reduction by filtration. Thalassaemia trait This is associated with little or no reduction in red cell lifespan in most subjects with a normal Hb concentration and these subjects may be accepted as donors. Special conditions in which normally disqualified donors may donate In some circumstances, a donor may give blood or components to be used for a special purpose, even although the requirements for normal donation are not met. For example, a donor who is mildly anaemic or who has recently given birth may give plasma or  platelets by apheresis; the plasma may be needed for reagent preparation, for example HLA antibodies, or the platelets may be needed for transfusion to the newborn infant. Donors at risk for carrying malaria may give plasma for fractionation. The usual interval  between donations may be waived for important medical indications. The donor age limitation and a number of other screening criteria may be modified for components directed to the recipient of the donors bone marrow. In every case, medical evaluation should ensure that there is no increased risk to the donors health and that the value of the component outweighs any perceived increase in risk. Under these circumstances, informed consent regarding the variance and documentati on of the circumstances is mandatory. Donation of whole blood Frequency of donation The volume lost from a single unit donation is replaced within 48-72 h. Red cell mass recovers more slowly, requiring 3-6 weeks. Some collection services bleed donors no more than two or three times a year; most do not bleed women who are pregnant or those who have been pregnant within the previous 6 weeks. The primary objective of this policy is to protect the donor from iron deficiency. There is a wide variation in the recommended minimum interval between donations. For example in the US, in line with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, the interval can be as short as 8 weeks and a maximum of 3 l of blood per year may be collected. Premenopausal women should not donate as frequently as men. In the Netherlands, men are bled every 3 months and women every 6 months. Because few red cells are lost during platelet and plasmapheresis, these procedures may be performed more often and at shorter intervals. Standards vary by country; in the USA plateletpheresis donors may be dr awn every 48 h up to twice per week and 24 times per year. Commercial plasmapheresis donors are bled even more frequently; however, physical examination is more rigorous and laboratory testing more extensive for these donors. As combinations of components, such as two-unit red cells, are drawn by apheresis, volumes and intervals become individualized, but generally limited by the loss of red cells. Hb regeneration after normal blood donation In 14 normal healthy subjects bled of about 400 ml of blood (8% of their blood volume), circulating reticulocytes increased minimally but significantly and peaked on the ninth day after bleeding. The Hb level was lowest 1 or 2 weeks after bleeding, and increased rapidly thereafter, reaching predonation levels at 3-4 weeks (Fig. 1.1). In a study in which total red cell volumes were measured in subjects who had donated about 190 ml of red cells, about 50 ml of red cells were restored after 1 week and restoration was  almost complete at 6 weeks. Potential health benefits of blood donation For the volunteer donor, the chief benefit lies in the satisfaction of selfless concern for the welfare of others. However, two studies suggest that there may be more tangible health benefits, particularly for middle-aged men, such as lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease. The proffered explanation derives from the so-called iron hypothesis: menstrual iron loss protects women against cardiovascular disease; iron stores correlate with cardiovascular disease across European populations and heart failure is a hallmark of disorders of iron surplus (Sullivan 1981). One proposed mechanism for this association is generation of oxygen free radicals that induce oxidation of lipids. However  the Johns Hopkins Hospital autopsy registry found less coronary artery disease in hearts from patients with haemochromatosis and haemosiderosis than in hearts of age- and sex-matched controls. Salonen and co-workers (1998) conducted a prospective 9-year follow-up study of 2862 men aged 42-60 from eastern Finland, who had participated in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Only one man out of 153 who had donated blood in the 24 months prior to baseline examination suffered a myocardial infarction, compared  with 316 (12.5%) of the 2529 non-donors. Meyers and co-workers (1997) compared the rate of cardiovascular events of 665 blood donors with that of  3200 non-donors in a telephone survey of a cohort selected from the Nebraska Diet Heart Survey. By multivariate analysis, non-smoking men who had donated at least once in the previous 3 years had a significantly lowered risk of cardiovascular events; no additional benefit was derived from longer or more frequent donation. Directed donations are those given exclusively for named patients, usually by relatives or friends. The use of directed donations contravenes the normal principles of voluntary blood donation, fails to increase  safety and finds medical justification in vanishingly few circumstances: in patients with rare blood groups when the only available compatible donors may be close relatives; in occasional patients awaiting renal transplants, for whom donor-specific transfusions may still play a role; in infants with neonatal alloimmune  thrombocytopenia or haemolytic disease of the newborn, for whom maternal platelets or red cells are occasionally invaluable; (4) in children requiring open-heart or extensive orthopaedic surgery, for whom the total requirements for blood and components can be collected preoperatively, as for autologous transfusion but from designated relatives or parents, thus minimizing the number of donor units to which the children are exposed in  patients with leukaemia in relapse after bone marrow transplantation, for whom donor leucocytes are used as adoptive immunotherapy to induce graft-versusleukaemia  (GvL) effect. The practice of transfusing parental blood to premature newborn infants is not without risks. Mothers may have antibodies against antigens (inherited from the father) on the infants red cells, platelets or white cells and maternal plasma should not be used. Fathers should not serve as cell donors because they may have antigens present on their red cells, which are incompatible with maternally derived antibodies present in  the fetus. Moreover, in view of partial histocompatibility, transfusion of cells from parents and close relatives may result in graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in  the infants, or older children, especially if the infants are immunodeficient. Circumstances such as these, in which blood or platelet suspensions should be irradiated, are described in. The practice of transfusing parents with blood from their offspring can also be dangerous. Fatal GvHD occurred in two immunocompetent adult patients who  were transfused with fresh whole non-irradiated blood from their children during cardiac surgery. In both cases, one of the donors was homozygous for one of the recipients HLA haplotypes. When such transfusions are indicated, and except for instances in which adoptive immunotherapy is intended, the components should be treated with 25 Gy gamma irradiation. People who donate for friends and family lose their  anonymity and may be subject to influences not placed upon community donors. Such donors may provide less than candid answers to sensitive donor questions, either because they believe that unsafe blood will inevitably be detected by testing procedures or because they wish to conceal information from the recipient or the blood collector.

Psychological debate on free will versus determinism

Psychological debate on free will versus determinism The free will vs. determinism debate that exists within psychology has long been a philosophical doctrine that roots back to Descartes (1596-1650), and has had an enormous impact on psychology, all the major theorists ranging from William James (1890) to B.F. Skinner (1971), have concluded empirical theories to help provide validity as to whether behaviour is determined by stimuli or external/internal events; this positivistic, mechanistic view of scientific psychology according to Taylor (1963), states that everything including thought processes and behaviour, is casually determined (Gross, 2003; 2010). The common sense view that people make their own decisions is a debate upon free will, the fact that we have a mind to be able to agree and disagree, implies we have a freedom of choice in regards to behaviour (Gross, 2003). So what exactly is free will? (Figure 1.1) Through this information, a balanced view upon the free will vs. determinism debate in regards to implications that exist within the treatment of disorders will be researched and presented. In diagnosing and treating mental disorders, both psychologists and psychiatrists often have to make judgements in regards to free will and determinism, whether that be explicitly or implicitly, this is because mental disorders can often be seen as complete or partial breakdown of the persons control over their emotions, thinking and behaviour. This is evident in patients with (OCD) or obsessive compulsive disorder, in definition this can be described as being compelled against his or her will or a behaviour which cannot be controlled (Gross, 2003). Developments in neuroscience can provide relevance to the debate in regards to clinical practises which treat mental disorders, clinical psychiatrists accept the view that free will can be impaired in many patients with mental disorders whose capacity to choose may have been compromised, in such cases the individual may then be considered not accountable for their own actions or behaviour. An acknowledgment to determinism is then made, in the way that some of the behaviour of that person is accredited to the mental disorder, advances in neuroscience have increased the understanding of brain functioning and led to the possibility that abnormal behaviour will be less recognized to the patients control of choice in relation to action, and more to brain function abnormalities. Although before the developments the view was questioned through the mind-brain dualism of the reductionists in the 19th century (Scott Henderson, 2005). Libet (1985) performed a study in relating the brain and our free will to behaviour; he showed that the preliminary brain activity which occurs through free choice is actually a couple hundred milliseconds before the choice reaches the conscious awareness. Basically stating that the brain makes decisions before the individual and that free will is an illusion. Rose et al. (1984) was a socio-biologist who believed in biological determinism, which states it is our biology that is to blame for our behaviour and mental abnormalities, not the individual; this approach seems appealing in regards to treatment of disorders as it removes the guilt and responsibility involved, however the view that our lives are constrained by a genetic predisposition, fails to recognise that as human we are constantly re-creating our own material environment and that it is our biology that makes us free (Gross, 2010). According to an article in the: Clinical Neuroscience Research Journal (2004;p,113-118), Social turmoil regarding psychosurgery and deep brain stimulation (DBS) was evident throughout the 1960-1970s, DBS being an effective form of diagnosis and treatment for mental disorders, even in our modern day which can be used to treat disorders such as severe OCD and Parkinsonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s disease, however the turmoil regarding the whole treatment was because it was seen as means of controlling or changing behaviour and effecting emotional disturbance against free will, it was also thought that the treatment was used to control social behaviour of violent urban areas in the USA, resulting in mind control and racial repression. However these arguments are now just a by-product of the dualism era, and having a deeper knowledge into neuroscience and mental disorders, has allowed further research into the social stability of DBS, resulting in less speculation on it being a co mpletely controlled deterministic approach to treatments of disorders (Fins, 2004). In regards to treatment of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, according to the; Handbook of treatment for eating disorders (1997) by David M. Garner et al. the philosophical balance is addressed in regards as to whether patients with severe eating disorders should be hospitalised, on one side of the argument patients can be free to preserve their eating disorder even if it involves suboptimal functioning, and on the other it can be argued that the disorder could be so serious that it impairs judgement and restricts the patientà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ability to exercise free choice especially in regards to the appraisal of the medical risks, as it appears both points seem variably valid and yet no possible solution can be found to solve the present dilemma. In relation to treatment refusal and free will, patients may make poor treatment decisions because of their illness symptoms, and that they would likely make a different choice if symptom free, because of this an important legal rights concept regarding the free will of treatment refusal is based upon determination of competency (Figure 1.2), or the right to refuse treatment with consent. Competence is decision specific, so patients may be competent enough to make a treatment decision at one time and not the other, also a decision made about a precise consequence of treatment might be easy to consent too in relation to a decision made about a more complex consequence of treatment which could result in a set of different outcomes (Masten, A.S., Curtis, W.J., 2000). If an individual is overruled as being incompetent i.e. unable to appreciate and understand information given about treatment, then it is possible to force treatment upon a patient against his/her free will, however according to the self-determinism theory, forcing treatment upon patients makes them less likely to experience treatment success if externally exposed (Mary, 2008). In conclusion a balanced view upon the free wills vs. determinism debate in regards to treatments of disorders seems controversially one sided, a lot of the literature and research into the subject identify the reductionist determinism approach as acceptable in many forms of clinical psychiatry, whether this is in regards to forced treatment or altering the emotional state through deep brain stimulation. However the balance is much more positive in our modern day times then it were 60-70 years ago. This is mainly thanks to advances in neuroscience and our understanding we have gained about the brain through the mental health institutes, the ongoing debate has a number of misconceptions which require a precise understanding of the key concepts, but overall indicate that free will and determinism are both correct.

More Than Human, Angel Divine :: Personal Narrative Art Traveling Essays

More Than Human, Angel Divine "The purpose of art is not a rarified, intellectual distillate--it is life, intensified, brilliant life." --Alain Arias-Misson "I am a poor man and of little worth, who is laboring in that art that God has given me in order to extend my life as long as possible." --Michelangelo Buonarroti I have been very fortunate in the past few years in that I have been able to travel abroad. I have been intrigued by Mona Lisa's smile in Paris, witnessed the most artistic doodles imaginable in the Book of Kells in Dublin, and paid homage to the great souls entombed in Westminster Abbey in London. For me, some form of art seems to be packed in to every nook and cranny of European cities. But the greatest art that I have been fortunate enough to witness firsthand has been in Vatican City. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel encompassed all that I could imagine art to be; breathtaking, imaginative, stirring, poignant, and heartbreaking. In essence, everything life itself can be. I had been in Italy for almost two weeks by the time I was able to visit Saint Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel. I had spent a week in Tuscany, visiting places like Florence and Sienna, before heading to Rome. I managed to see some of the most beautiful art in the world without ever stepping into a museum. Instead, I headed into churches and piazzas and set eyes on masterpieces by the famous Italian artists whose names would be resurrected hundreds of years later as cartoon ninja fighting turtles: Donatello, Leonardo, Raphael, and my favorite, Michelangelo. I saw Michelangelo's David in Florence, a mass of marble beauty, ready to strike down the giant Goliath and a sign of hope and determination for the people of the city.

Confucius :: essays research papers

Confucius Confucius lived from 551-479 B.C. He was a philosopher, political thinker and educator whose ideas have greatly influenced not only Chinese culture but world civilization. Confucius lived during the â€Å"Spring† and â€Å"Autumn† period of Chinese history, when east central China was divided into over a dozen small warring states. The great disorder and suffering he saw influenced his political ideas, which emphasized order, hierarchy and the rule of a benevolent sovereign. Confucius came from the State of Lu; his birthplace was today's Qufu county, Shandong province. His ancestors had been aristocrats of the State of Song, but the family had long since fallen on hard times. Confucius was a philosopher who developed a great â€Å"reverence† for Ji Dan (Duke of Zhou) of the Western Zhou dynasty, which reighned from the 11th c. to 771 BCE. He also sought to apply the political structures of that distant time to the State of Lu. However, the great social turmoil of the Spring and Autumn period, and the sharpening struggles within the ruling class, made this impossible, and he became very dissatisfied. In an effort to spread his political ideas, he traveled extensively to other states only to be repeatedly rebuffed. He died at the age of 73, having failed to ever suceed with his society. Scholars down the ages have always maintained that "benevolence" is the core of Confucian teaching. "Benevolence" found its expression through the performance of li, a term usually translated as rites, but which actually encompassed a great deal more: not just rituals but the social and political structure, the etiquette of behavior between human beings. Confucius observed the functioning of the patriarchal, hierarchical society of his times and concluded that "virtuous rule" consisted of applying strict control over the populace.

Consumer Behaviour Double Jeopardy Essay

The theory of Double Jeopardy is described as a behavioural phenomenon which relates to the size structure of a market (Bandyopadhyay, Gupta & Dube 2005). This indicates that in any given time a smaller brand typically has fewer buyers compared to those of a larger brand as larger brands often have a higher percentage of penetration and market share (Ehrenberg, Goodhardt & Barwise 1990). A brand with more market share indicates that consumers purchase these brands more frequently compared to other brands. There are a number of reasons why this occurs. For example firms offering products that a consumer perceives as better quality and value, will grow larger (Jacobson 1988). Also, a firm that creates power advantages by introducing inferior products which competitors cannot offer to customer’s also results in a higher market share. Careful analyses of all team members’ individual purchases over the tracking period, it can be noted that a large number of different brands were consumed. By viewing the Duplication of Purchases Table for fast food, out of all the 11 types of brands, McDonalds and Max Brennars were the most frequently purchased brands resulting in a higher percentage of penetration and market share compared to other brands. This is because McDonalds and Max Brennars have multiple locations within Australia which provides better access to customers, both brands participate in extensive television and both brands provide regular promotions in order to make customers more alert and aware. These facts all enforce the theory of the double jeopardy; larger brands have more buyers and have a higher market share. To review the occurrence of the Double Jeopardy effect, Ehrenberg et al. (1990) states that there exists two market level explanations. The first market level consists of the differences in consumer exposure to the market mix efforts (price, promotion, advertising, point of purchase display, discount) of a brand. If a brand has less consumer exposure, it is more likely to suffer (Ehrenberg et al. 990) because they have fewer buyers and lower repeat purchase. Looking at the DOP tables for fast food, TGI Friday’s and Koko Black displayed as the least frequently purchased brands. A reason why these two fast food outlets were the least purchased brands is because of their location as many customers may not have close access to it. Another reason is because there is not much advertising and promotion when compared to fast food outlets such as McDonalds and Max B rennars. The second market level relies on stochastic models of buying behaviour (Ehrenberg et al. 1990) which helps predict the Double Jeopardy trends for competitive brands. This is solely based on the heterogeneity in popularity such as the market share as earlier research shows that the average customer of smaller brands buys less, have lower favourable attitude and manifest lower loyalty than the average customer of larger brands (Ehrenberg et al. 1990).

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The brain and spinal cord are made up of many cells, including neurons and glial cells. Neurons are cells that send and receive electro-chemical signals to and from the brain and nervous system. There are about 100 billion neurons in the brain. There are many more glial cells; they provide support functions for the neurons, and are far more numerous than neurons. There are many type of neurons. They vary in size from 4 microns (. 004 mm) to 100 microns (. 1 mm) in diameter. Their length varies from a fraction of an inch to several feet.Neurons  are nerve cells that transmit nerve signals to and from the brain at up to 200 mph. The neuron consists of a  cell body (or soma)  with branching  dendrites(signal receivers) and a projection called an  axon, which conduct the nerve signal. At the other end of the axon, the  axon terminals  transmit the electro-chemical signal across a  synapse  (the gap between the axon terminal and the receiving cell). The word â€Å"neuro n† was coined by the German scientist Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz in 1891 (he also coined the term â€Å"chromosome†).The  axon, a long extension of a nerve cell, and take information away from the cell body. Bundles of axons are known as nerves or, within the CNS (central nervous system), as nerve tracts or pathways. Dendrites bring information to the cell body. Myelin  coats and insulates the axon (except for periodic breaks called nodes of Ranvier), increasing transmission speed along the axon. Myelin is manufactured by Schwann's cells, and consists of 70-80% lipids (fat) and 20-30% protein.The  cell body (soma)  contains the neuron's nucleus (with DNA and typical nuclear organelles). Dendrites branch from the cell body and receive messages. A typical neuron has about 1,000 to 10,000 synapses (that is, it communicates with 1,000-10,000 other neurons, muscle cells, glands, etc. ). DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEURONS There are different types of neuron s. They all carry electro-chemical nerve signals, but differ in structure (the number of processes, or axons, emanating from the cell body) and are found in different parts of the body. Sensory neurons or Bipolar neurons  carry messages from the body's sense receptors (eyes, ears, etc. ) to the CNS. These neurons have two processes. Sensory neuron account for 0. 9% of all neurons. (Examples are retinal cells, olfactory epithelium cells. ) * Motoneurons or Multipolar neurons  carry signals from the CNS to the muscles and glands. These neurons have many processes originating from the cell body. Motoneurons account for 9% of all neurons. (Examples are spinal motor neurons, pyramidal neurons, Purkinje cells. * Interneurons or Pseudopolare (Spelling) cells  form all the neural wiring within the CNS. These have two axons (instead of an axon and a dendrite). One axon communicates with the spinal cord; one with either the skin or muscle. These neurons have two processes. (Examples are dorsal root ganglia cells. ) LIFE SPAN OF NEURONS Unlike most other cells, neurons cannot regrow after damage (except neurons from the hippocampus). Fortunately, there are about 100 billion neurons in the brain. GLIAL CELLS Glial cells make up 90 percent of the brain's cells.Glial cells are nerve cells that don't carry nerve impulses. The various glial (meaning â€Å"glue†) cells perform many important functions, including: digestion of parts of dead neurons, manufacturing myelin for neurons, providing physical and nutritional support for neurons, and more. Types of glial cells include Schwann's Cells, Satellite Cells,  Microglia, Oligodendroglia, and Astroglia. Neuroglia (meaning â€Å"nerve glue†) are the another type of brain cell. These cells guide neurons during fetal development.

Art Appreciation Essay

While it is and can be said that what art is truly up to the viewer to interprete is true; it is up to the artist to display his definition of art. Thru his skills of observation, imagination, he displays to his thoughts and feelings condensed. Whatever their medium maybe it be painting, sculpture, or any of the many others. The world may or may not agree what art is, but the saying is true. It is with in the eyes of the beholder. The definition of Art has been a long debated topic I society. Some say that beauty is in the eye of the beholder. These being the case several people have tried to put a definition of it into words. One definition listed is â€Å"an occupation requiring knowledge or skill†, and goes on to say â€Å"the conscious use of skill and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects; also: works so produced† (Merriam-Webster, 2012). Also a far more simple worded, yet complex in thought definition is â€Å"Art is form and content† (Shelly Esaak, 2012). While both say two seemingly different things, they are part of the ever evolving definition and essence of Art. There are several types of art; with in this paper I will cover eight types. They include painting, sculpture, architecture, photography, printmaking, conceptual art, installation art, and performance art. While these are a small cross section of art, they are important pieces. The first example is painting. While there are several noticed painters and examples of their work, the example I chose to give is â€Å"The Adoration of the Shepherds†, painted by Andrea Mantegna (1450). This piece is currently on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. While this piece does fit the definition of works so produced, what about the rest? While painted in the Middle Ages, Mantegna couldn’t have been able to witness the birth of Christ. He draws from the biblical tale of the birth and his own imagination to paint a portrait of the adoration of the lord, as well as his parents doting over him. He uses his skill to not only paint the adoration in the foreground, but also the landscape for miles. The way Mantegna paints the entire picture, while he could not have been there having happened centuries before, displays he posses the skill and imagination to product a true masterpiece even though he was only in his early twenties. One of the most widely known sculpture pieces is â€Å"The Thinker† by Auguste Rodin (1902). The painting was originally made to be a piece included in his â€Å"Gates of Hell†, a mass door made for the Paris Museum of Art (www. statue. com, 2012). While Rodin completed the sculpture he saw something greater in the form and made it stand alone piece. Rodin applied his skill and creative imagination to craft and see the greater potential within the sculpture. Although not talked about as paintings and sculpture Architecture is a form of art as well. One of the most highly noted Architects is Frank Lloyd Wright. Applying his personal motto of â€Å"Form follows function† (Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, 2012), he applied the artist eye to everything he created from building to furniture. One of his most noted pieces, the house at Falling Water. Wright used his skill and experience to craft the large stone house at the family’s request. Although the family originally wanted the home to face the falls; Wright chose to have it located on top of the falls as an integral part of the structure (http://www. fay-west. com/fayette/fallingwater, 2005). Ansel Adams integrated his keen observation and use of skill to capture the rugged land of the western United States during the period of 1916 to his death in 1986 (http://www. anseladams. com/ansel-adams-information/ansel-adams-biography, 2012). He took several photographs of the west, but is most famous for his photos of Sierra Nevada Mountains. Adams took photos of the wildlife and terrain, and using his skill and depth of knowledge of the medium he was a major contributing factor to the conservation of Yosemite National Park and the Serria Nevada Mountains. Although famous for numerous reasons, Andy Warhol was also a highly commended Printmaking Artist. Using his highly creative imagination and skill he took everyday objects such as soup cans and even people and made art of them. He refined a process involving projection photo images to a silk screen thus speeding up his production process (http://arthistory. about. com/cs/namesww/p/warhol. htm, 2012). This gave the public a new outlook on ordinary things. Joseph Kosuth is one of the most famous artists in the realm of Conceptual Art. His piece aptly name â€Å"Three Chairs† is currently on exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The exhibit has a blank and whit picture of the chair, the actual chair, and lastly the printed definition of the word chair (http://www. moma. org/collection/browse_results. php? object_id=81435, 2012). While this may seem strange on the surface the artist is trying point out our lack of observation and is trying to make use want to study and dive deeper into his intended meaning (The Museum of Modern Art, MoMA Highlights, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, revised 2004, originally published 1999, p. 257). Ilya Kabakov’s â€Å"The Man Who Flew into His Picture† Installation Art piece displays a look inside the artist true mindset. He displays true creative imagination and skill. It is a room modeled after a Soviet apartment and has a miniature version of the artist flying thru the fog on the white board. Possibly look for outside validation (http://www. moma. org/collection/browse_results. php? object_id=81057, 2012). Lastly is Performance Art. This style of art is defined by a piece of performance art must be centered on an action carried out or orchestrated by an artist (Kyle Chayka, 2011). â€Å"The Mirror† that has been created by Iselin Bruff and Torsten Klimmer aka Omananda, Liquid Crystal Vision is a current example of performance art (http://www. omananda. com/movies/performance-art/143-neon-pink-mangas-emerge-from-pyramids-into-qthe-mirrorq, 2012). The performers use light, projectors, film, dance and other mediums to explain the Star of David. While I personally feel this is the strangest of all art forms, it does fulfill the definition of art. While it is and can be said that what art is truly up to the viewer to interprete is true; it is up to the artist to display his definition of art. Thru his skills of observation, imagination, he displays to his thoughts and feelings condensed. Whatever their medium maybe it be painting, sculpture, or any of the many others. The world may or may not agree what art is, but the saying is true. It is with in the eyes of the beholder. References http://www.musee-rodin.fr/